# dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
# mypy: ignore-errors
import re
from .array import ARRAY
from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
from .operators import CONTAINS
from .operators import GETITEM
from .operators import HAS_ALL
from .operators import HAS_ANY
from .operators import HAS_KEY
from ... import types as sqltypes
from ...sql import functions as sqlfunc
__all__ = ("HSTORE", "hstore")
class HSTORE(sqltypes.Indexable, sqltypes.Concatenable, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
"""Represent the PostgreSQL HSTORE type.
The :class:`.HSTORE` type stores dictionaries containing strings, e.g.::
data_table = Table(
"data_table",
metadata,
Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
Column("data", HSTORE),
)
with engine.connect() as conn:
conn.execute(
data_table.insert(), data={"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
)
:class:`.HSTORE` provides for a wide range of operations, including:
* Index operations::
data_table.c.data["some key"] == "some value"
* Containment operations::
data_table.c.data.has_key("some key")
data_table.c.data.has_all(["one", "two", "three"])
* Concatenation::
data_table.c.data + {"k1": "v1"}
For a full list of special methods see
:class:`.HSTORE.comparator_factory`.
.. container:: topic
**Detecting Changes in HSTORE columns when using the ORM**
For usage with the SQLAlchemy ORM, it may be desirable to combine the
usage of :class:`.HSTORE` with :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary now
part of the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension. This extension
will allow "in-place" changes to the dictionary, e.g. addition of new
keys or replacement/removal of existing keys to/from the current
dictionary, to produce events which will be detected by the unit of
work::
from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableDict
class MyClass(Base):
__tablename__ = "data_table"
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(HSTORE))
my_object = session.query(MyClass).one()
# in-place mutation, requires Mutable extension
# in order for the ORM to detect
my_object.data["some_key"] = "some value"
session.commit()
When the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension is not used, the ORM
will not be alerted to any changes to the contents of an existing
dictionary, unless that dictionary value is re-assigned to the
HSTORE-attribute itself, thus generating a change event.
.. seealso::
:class:`.hstore` - render the PostgreSQL ``hstore()`` function.
""" # noqa: E501
__visit_name__ = "HSTORE"
hashable = False
text_type = sqltypes.Text()
def __init__(self, text_type=None):
"""Construct a new :class:`.HSTORE`.
:param text_type: the type that should be used for indexed values.
Defaults to :class:`_types.Text`.
"""
if text_type is not None:
self.text_type = text_type
class Comparator(
sqltypes.Indexable.Comparator, sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator
):
"""Define comparison operations for :class:`.HSTORE`."""
def has_key(self, other):
"""Boolean expression. Test for presence of a key. Note that the
key may be a SQLA expression.
"""
return self.operate(HAS_KEY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
def has_all(self, other):
"""Boolean expression. Test for presence of all keys in jsonb"""
return self.operate(HAS_ALL, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
def has_any(self, other):
"""Boolean expression. Test for presence of any key in jsonb"""
return self.operate(HAS_ANY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
"""Boolean expression. Test if keys (or array) are a superset
of/contained the keys of the argument jsonb expression.
kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
conformance.
"""
return self.operate(CONTAINS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
def contained_by(self, other):
"""Boolean expression. Test if keys are a proper subset of the
keys of the argument jsonb expression.
"""
return self.operate(
CONTAINED_BY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
)
def _setup_getitem(self, index):
return GETITEM, index, self.type.text_type
def defined(self, key):
"""Boolean expression. Test for presence of a non-NULL value for
the key. Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
"""
return _HStoreDefinedFunction(self.expr, key)
def delete(self, key):
"""HStore expression. Returns the contents of this hstore with the
given key deleted. Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
"""
if isinstance(key, dict):
key = _serialize_hstore(key)
return _HStoreDeleteFunction(self.expr, key)
def slice(self, array):
"""HStore expression. Returns a subset of an hstore defined by
array of keys.
"""
return _HStoreSliceFunction(self.expr, array)
def keys(self):
"""Text array expression. Returns array of keys."""
return _HStoreKeysFunction(self.expr)
def vals(self):
"""Text array expression. Returns array of values."""
return _HStoreValsFunction(self.expr)
def array(self):
"""Text array expression. Returns array of alternating keys and
values.
"""
return _HStoreArrayFunction(self.expr)
def matrix(self):
"""Text array expression. Returns array of [key, value] pairs."""
return _HStoreMatrixFunction(self.expr)
comparator_factory = Comparator
def bind_processor(self, dialect):
# note that dialect-specific types like that of psycopg and
# psycopg2 will override this method to allow driver-level conversion
# instead, see _PsycopgHStore
def process(value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
return _serialize_hstore(value)
else:
return value
return process
def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
# note that dialect-specific types like that of psycopg and
# psycopg2 will override this method to allow driver-level conversion
# instead, see _PsycopgHStore
def process(value):
if value is not None:
return _parse_hstore(value)
else:
return value
return process
class hstore(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
"""Construct an hstore value within a SQL expression using the
PostgreSQL ``hstore()`` function.
The :class:`.hstore` function accepts one or two arguments as described
in the PostgreSQL documentation.
E.g.::
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array, hstore
select(hstore("key1", "value1"))
select(
hstore(
array(["key1", "key2", "key3"]),
array(["value1", "value2", "value3"]),
)
)
.. seealso::
:class:`.HSTORE` - the PostgreSQL ``HSTORE`` datatype.
"""
type = HSTORE
name = "hstore"
inherit_cache = True
class _HStoreDefinedFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
type = sqltypes.Boolean
name = "defined"
inherit_cache = True
class _HStoreDeleteFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
type = HSTORE
name = "delete"
inherit_cache = True
class _HStoreSliceFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
type = HSTORE
name = "slice"
inherit_cache = True
class _HStoreKeysFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
name = "akeys"
inherit_cache = True
class _HStoreValsFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
name = "avals"
inherit_cache = True
class _HStoreArrayFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
name = "hstore_to_array"
inherit_cache = True
class _HStoreMatrixFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
name = "hstore_to_matrix"
inherit_cache = True
#
# parsing. note that none of this is used with the psycopg2 backend,
# which provides its own native extensions.
#
# My best guess at the parsing rules of hstore literals, since no formal
# grammar is given. This is mostly reverse engineered from PG's input parser
# behavior.
HSTORE_PAIR_RE = re.compile(
r"""
(
"(?P<key> (\\ . | [^"])* )" # Quoted key
)
[ ]* => [ ]* # Pair operator, optional adjoining whitespace
(
(?P<value_null> NULL ) # NULL value
| "(?P<value> (\\ . | [^"])* )" # Quoted value
)
""",
re.VERBOSE,
)
HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE = re.compile(
r"""
[ ]* , [ ]*
""",
re.VERBOSE,
)
def _parse_error(hstore_str, pos):
"""format an unmarshalling error."""
ctx = 20
hslen = len(hstore_str)
parsed_tail = hstore_str[max(pos - ctx - 1, 0) : min(pos, hslen)]
residual = hstore_str[min(pos, hslen) : min(pos + ctx + 1, hslen)]
if len(parsed_tail) > ctx:
parsed_tail = "[...]" + parsed_tail[1:]
if len(residual) > ctx:
residual = residual[:-1] + "[...]"
return "After %r, could not parse residual at position %d: %r" % (
parsed_tail,
pos,
residual,
)
def _parse_hstore(hstore_str):
"""Parse an hstore from its literal string representation.
Attempts to approximate PG's hstore input parsing rules as closely as
possible. Although currently this is not strictly necessary, since the
current implementation of hstore's output syntax is stricter than what it
accepts as input, the documentation makes no guarantees that will always
be the case.
"""
result = {}
pos = 0
pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str)
while pair_match is not None:
key = pair_match.group("key").replace(r"\"", '"').replace("\\\\", "\\")
if pair_match.group("value_null"):
value = None
else:
value = (
pair_match.group("value")
.replace(r"\"", '"')
.replace("\\\\", "\\")
)
result[key] = value
pos += pair_match.end()
delim_match = HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
if delim_match is not None:
pos += delim_match.end()
pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
if pos != len(hstore_str):
raise ValueError(_parse_error(hstore_str, pos))
return result
def _serialize_hstore(val):
"""Serialize a dictionary into an hstore literal. Keys and values must
both be strings (except None for values).
"""
def esc(s, position):
if position == "value" and s is None:
return "NULL"
elif isinstance(s, str):
return '"%s"' % s.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', r"\"")
else:
raise ValueError(
"%r in %s position is not a string." % (s, position)
)
return ", ".join(
"%s=>%s" % (esc(k, "key"), esc(v, "value")) for k, v in val.items()
)
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